Maney Publishing
A Question of Authorship: A. M. Stephen's Catalogue of the Keam Collection [1884]
Author(s): Louis A. Hieb and Susan E. Diggle
Source: Kiva, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Summer, 2004), pp. 401-423
Published by: Maney Publishing on behalf of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30246450
Accessed: 11-02-2016 19:44 UTC
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A QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP: A. M. STEPHEN'S
CATALOGUE OF THE KEAM COLLECTION [1884]

LouisA. Hieb
withresearchassistanceby
Susan E. Diggle
ABSTRACT
intheSouthwest
ofantiquities
Thefirst
commercialization
beganwith
large-scale
Builders
of
ofRelicsoftheAncient
the"Catalogue
ofKeam'sCationCollection
M. Stephen,
TableLands."Compiledandwritten
theSouthwestern
byAlexander
ThomasV. Keamoffered
to
a collection
ofceramics
thecatalogueaccompanied
Industrial
andCotton
on theoccasionoftheWorld's
theSmithsonian
Institution
evidence
is
inNewOrleansin 1884.Internal
andexternal
Centennial
Exposition
while
the
to
the
that
developed descriptive
Stephen
presented support argument
ofsymbolism
were
ofthecatalogue,
theexplanations
andtaxonomic
framework
and
Sullivan
recorded
Sullivan.
takenfromnarratives
Stephen
reprebyJeremiah
a
in theformative
decadeofAmerican
sentdifferent
perspectives
anthropology,
ofLewisHenryMorgan.
decadedominated
bythesocialevolutionary
paradigm
in 1892.The
inthesaleofthepottery
collection
Thecatalogue
wasinstrumental
andEthnology,
collection
is nowlocatedinthePeabodyMuseumofArchaeology
Harvard
University.
RESUMEN
engranescalade las antigiiedades
de la regi6n
suroeste
La primera
comercializacidn
de
de
los
"El
de
la
coleccidn
de
Keam:
las
con
albafiiles
reliquias
catdlogo
cation
empez6
Collection
dela regi6n
MesaSuroeste"
Cafion
ofRelics
of
(Catalogue
ofKeam's
antiguos
theAncient
Builders
TableLands").Elcatdlogo,
complilado
yescrito
oftheSouthwestern
V
a la coleccidn
cerdmica
la cualThomas
M. Stephen,
porAlexander
aparece
adjunto
conmotivos
dela Exposici6n
Mundial
IndustriKeamleofrecid
al Instituto
Smithsonian
al yla Exposici6n
deAlgoddn
en1884.Laspruebas
exterCentenaria
enNuevaOrleans
KIVA:TheJournal
andHistory,
Vol.69,No.4, (Summer
ofSouthwestern
Archaeology
2004),pp.399-421.
Allrights
Historical
andArchaeological
reserved.
Copyright
Society.
x 2004Arizona

401

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402

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle
nasyinternas
sepresentan
la ideadequemientras
al desarrollar
el
parasostener
Stephen
delcatdlogo,
lasexplicaciones
delsimbolismo
esquema
descriptivo
y taxon6mico
fueron
tomadas
delasnarraciones
anotadas
Sullivan.
porJeremiah
Stephen
ySullivan
representanperspectivas
de la d6cadaformativa
de la antropologia
americana.
En
diferentes
elparadigma
socialevolucionista
deLewisHenry
El
aquelladecadadominaba
Morgan.
el
decisivo
en
la
venta
de
la
colecci6n
cerdmica
en
1892.
La
papel
catdlogo
jug6
colecci6n
seencuentra
ahoraenelMuseoPeabody
dela Etnologia
enla universiyla Arqueologfa
dadHarvard.

In

a recent
workinliterary
Don Foster
that"the
forensics,
(2000:4)argues
of
scientific
a
text-how
mind
and
hand
to
commit
acts
analysis
conspire
ofwriting-can
reveal
features
as anything
as sharpandtelling
thissideoffinger
andDNA."Wefollowthisargument
inexploring
thehistory
andauthorprints
in
of
a
work
the
of
in the
ship
important
early
development anthropology
Southwest.
Theworkisthecatalogue
ofa collection
ofpottery
assembled
bythe
trader
ThomasV.Keamandcompiled
andwritten
M. Stephen,
a
byAlexander
in thecommercialization
marker
ofAmerican
Because
significant
antiquities.
ourconcern
is first
a questionofauthorship,
we beginwitha description
and
ofthetextandthenmovetothecontext
inwhichitwascreated.
analysis
Except
as noted,
allreferences
tothe"Catalogue
ofKeam'sCafionCollection
ofRelics
of
theAncient
Builders
oftheSouthwestern
TableLands"(hereafter
are
to
CKCC)
the identical
in Chicagoand the
held at the Newberry
typescripts
Library
MuseumLibrary,
Harvard
Massachusetts.
Peabody
University,
Cambridge,
THE TEXT
Therewereat least fourcopies of the cataloguepreparedbetween1884 and
1892: a handwritten
of the "catacompletedin 1884, a typescript
manuscript
in
identical
circa
and
two
1892.
The original
1886,
logue" proper
typescripts
handwritten
is
but
the
three
manuscript lost,
copiessurvive.
earlytypescript
Sigan indexexistsconfirming
the content,structure,
and lengthof the
nificantly,
1884 manuscript
and itis usedinthereconstruction
thatfollows(A. M. Stephen,
FieldNotebookNo. 27, "Index,"ElsieClewsParsonsPapers,ColumbiaUniversity).

Thecontents
andpaginations
ofthedifferent
versions
arenotedinthebox
onthenextpage.
Whatshouldbe immediately
isthatthe1892typescripts
contain
apparent
threeadditional
sections
thathavebeenaddedtotheoriginal
1884manuscript
andthatthecirca1886typescript
omitstheIntroductory
as wellas thesection
onTransition
Thereareother,
lessobviousbutsignificant,
Ware.
differences.

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A QuestionofAuthorship

1884
TitlePage
1
Introductory
?
Catalogue
47
Primitive
Ware
DecoratedWare
BlackLine
53
63
Polychrome
OrangeColoredWare 96
CreamColoredWare 106
113
RedWare
115
HawkHouse Relics
116-123
Transition
Ware
Miscellaneous
Modem Productions
Tiles
Modem-Continued 124-?

403

1886?

1892

1
6

1
53
57

19
38
92
108
119
123-124

67
81
121
135
145
149
151
163
166
167
173-[184]

was deliveredto the National
1. The 1884 text,a handwritten
manuscript,
Museumby Stephenin earlyDecember1884. This manuscript
had line
in
text
well
as
illustrations
drawn
or
mounted
the
as
on
separate
drawings
as calledforin thetext.The separateIndex
sheets,probablyinterleaved,
was completed"upto 123,"thatis through
theend ofthechapteron TransitionWare.The sectionon Transition
Wareendswitha quantitative
Suma
of
which
This
and
Total
Vessels
number
670
be
the
end
mary
pieces.
may
oftheoriginalmanuscript.
Keamaddedmaterials
to thecollectionin 1886
in thesectionsfoundin the 1892 typeand theseadditionsare reflected
entitled
Modem
Productions
andTiles.The finalsecMiscellaneous,
script
in
Modern-Continued
as
it
is
called
the 1892 text,appears
tion,however,
to describeritualparaphernalia
addedto theoriginalcollectionand taken
withStephento Washington
in December1884. A finaldiscussionofthe
evolutionofarchitectural
forms(CKCC 174-184) seemsconsistent,
stylisin
withtheIntroductory
to structures
and refers
ticallyand conceptually,
Canyondel MuertowhichStephenvisitedin earlySeptember1884. We
had a chapter,
Modern,following
argue,then,thattheoriginalmanuscript
123.
This
was
to
December
Keam,
29, 1891,
page
manuscript returned
without the separate illustrations.No record of this handwritten
manuscriptexistsafterits use in 1892 to preparetypedcopies (see 3
below).

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404

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

2. A typescript
was preparedat theNational
based on the 1884 manuscript
MuseumprobablyunderthedirectionofWilliamHenryHolmes,sometimebetween1885 and 1889, perhapsin 1886. The typedmanuscript
omitsthe Introductory
and the finalsectionsbeginningwithTransition
The separateillustraWares,leavinga catalogueoftheprehistoric
pottery.
wereinterleaved
tions fromthe 1884 manuscript
(theymayhave been
mountedon separatesheetsat thistime).In addition,Holmes prepared
to accompanythe text,seeminglyin
seventeenwatercolorillustrations
preparationforpublication(Patterson1994:4). The typistconsistently
as Kiva-Kwanty,
evidencethattheoriginalmanuscript
spellsKwa-Kwanty
in theIndex).At
was handwritten
Kwa-Kwanty
(see Stephen'shandwritten
severalpointsminoradditionsweremadeinthetext,probablybyHolmes,
mostnotablya passageincludinga quotationfromThomasHuxley'sEvidenceofMan'sPlacein Nature(see Patterson1994:63-64). Thistypescript
was sentto Keam,probablyin 1892, who gaveit to JesseWalterFewkes
Accomwho, in turn,eventually
placed it at theSmithsonianInstitution.
on
its
Fewkes:
the
is
a
note
provenance
by
panying typescript
conThiscopyofStephen's
Ms.oftheCatalogueoftheKeamCollection
original
mostarebyStephen],
whichdo not
tainssketches
probably
byHolmes[although
boundMs. nowin thePeabodyMuseumor Hemenway
appearin theoriginal
othersketches
archives.
Therewereevidently
formerly
pastedon the
Expedition
leavesbut theseweremissingwhen the copy was handed me by Mr.Keam who

obtaineditfromMr.Holmes.ThecopywasmadefortheBureauofEthnology
and annotations
wereapparently
addedto makeitmorecomandthesketches
written
onthe
inHolmes'handwriting]
waslikewise
plete.Anewtitle[apparently
with
Illustrations
first
of
the
Art
of
Ancient
Ceramic
Arizona,
Tusayan,
page[Study
ofT.V.Keam].(MS3282,NationalAnthropological
from
theCollection
Archives;
author's
notes)

removedfromthe catalogue,was paraphrasedby
The Introductory,
CosmosMindeleff,
perhapsin 1886,also,butneverpublished.Mindeleff
Suland quotedStephen(i.e.,Jeremiah
usedthesametitle,"Introductory,"
livan'saccountofHopi religion)verbatim,
pages37-42, withoutacknowlNationalAnthropological
edgement(MS 1339, SmithsonianInstitution,
Archives).
werepreparedbeforeMarch1892 for
3. Two virtually
identicaltypescripts
of 1884 whichhad
Keam,based on theoriginalhandwritten
manuscript
werebased
been sentto himon December29, 1891.Thatthetypescripts
as
do
not
reflect
revisions
made in
is
clear
on theoriginalmanuscript
they
called forin the
the circa 1886 typescript
but theyreferto illustrations
identical
arereproduced,
1884 manuscript.
Linedrawingsin thenarrative

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A Question of Authorship

405

to thosein theoriginalmanuscript.
Threenewsectionshavebeen added,
Modem Productions,
however:Miscellaneous,
and Tiles.As we will show
in
1889.
The
twotypescripts
arenow
below,thesewerewritten
byStephen
locatedin theNewberry
MS
and
the
Museum
Library
(Ayer 829)
Peabody
HarvardUniversity
Library,
(A. M. Stephen'sCatalogueof theKeam Collection, 43-39A Hemenway ExpeditionRecords,Peabody Museum
HarvardUniversity).
Archives,
oftheoriginalcatalogue(1884), withadditionThus,thefullnarrative
al sections(1889), appearsto be preserved
in thetypescripts
at theNewbut the original
berryLibraryand at the Peabody Museum Library,
illustrations
arepreserved
textin theSmithsonian
onlyin theabbreviated
NationalAnthropological
Archives.
This situationis reflected
Institution,
in thecompromises
made in thetwomodempublicationsofportionsof
the "Catalogueof the Keam'sCanon Collection"(Patterson,
1994; Wade
and McChesney1980). Theseefforts
willbe discussedin thefinalsection
ofthisarticle.

TITLES AND ATTRIBUTIONOF AUTHORSHIP
The typescript
preparedat theNationalMuseum,circa1886,has a separatetitle
of Tusayan/ Catalogueof the Keam Collection/ by / A. M.
page: "Pottery
Stephen."Becauseonlythecatalogueproperwas editedand typed,thisis probathe
blynottheoriginaltitle.The 1892 typescripts
appearto faithfully
reproduce
the
text
and
Museum
is
entitled
"CATALOGUE
original
Peabody
Library
copy
/
of/ KEAM'SCANON COLLECTION/ OF RELICSoftheANCIENTBUILDERS/
OF THE SOUTHWESTERNTABLELANDS,"withoutattribution
of authorship.
The Newberry
text
lacks
a
title
has
a
but
Library
page
bindingtitleof "The
AncientBuilders,"
it
once
had
a
title
like
the
suggesting
page
PeabodyMuseum
will
As
become
framework
ofthe
Library
copy.
apparentbelow,theintellectual
cataloguederiveslargelyfromLewisHenryMorgan'ssocial evolutionary
perspectivein Housesand House-Life
of theAmerican
Aborigines
(1881) and the
on "ancientbuilders"
emphasisin thetitleofthecatalogueand theIntroductory
reflects
thisconcern.

THE SOURCES
In editingtheHopiJournal
M. Stephen
ofAlexander
(1936), ElsieClewsParsons
drewupon thirty-four
notebookswithentriesdatedfromOctober27, 1882 until
daysbeforeStephen'sdeathon April18, 1894 (A. M. Stephen,FieldNotebooks

No. 1-30; Elsie Clews Parsons Papers, Columbia UniversityLibraries;A. M.

Stephen,Hopi NotebooksNos. 1-4, MS 1563,AmericanPhilosophicalSociety
Library).Parsonsdid notpublishStephen'sNavajo notesnormostof themis-

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406

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

innotebooks
26 to30.Notebook
No. 27,entitled
cellaneous
materials
"Index,"
usedbyStephenfornotes
tabulated
a small,alphabetically
volume,wasfirst
discussions
ofceramics,
SamuelBirch's
Hisfrom
standard
andrecent
including
A.
Barber
and
FredAncient
and
articles
byE.
tory
Pottery
(1876,1881)
of
(1858)
for1883,Stephen
also made
erickWardPutnam(1881).And,in a notebook

Art(1877). JohnGrenoteson AlbertJacquemart's
extensive
History
ofCeramic
Keam's
butwe mustsuppose
library
goryBourke(1884:82) was impressedby
StephenreceivedthesespecializedworksfromHolmesorJ.StanleyBrown,both
ofwhomknewof and valuedStephen'sworkon pottery
by 1882. In the"Catalogue of the Keam's Cafion Collection,"Stephencites only two published
sources,W.W. H. Davis'sTheSpanishConquest
ofNewMexico(1869) and Lewis
American
Houses
and
the
House-Life
of
Aborigines
(1881) buthis
HenryMorgan's
his
on
ceramics.
of
reflects
readings
clearly
language description
Of course,muchofthetextofthe"CatalogueoftheKeam'sCafionCollecdescribed.
AsStephentellus,
withthepottery
and other"relics"
tion"is concerned
hasbeencollectFormanyyearsMr.ThomasV.KeamofKeam'sCafion,
Arizona,
andtheSanJuanregion
on
Builders
Arizona,
throughout
ingrelicsoftheAncient
of Coloradoand Utah.Thesehavebeenexhumedfrom
thesouthern
confines
burialplaces,sacrificial
ruins,and fromsand dunesin thelocalityof
caverns,
ancient
gardens.
(CKCC53)
There are other "sources" employed. First,there is Stephen's own knowlof
the "ancient province of Tusayan" and southwesternColorado (CKCC
edge

atWalpiin 1881
ceremony
5-14). Second,StephenattendedtheSnake-Antelope
a
Flute
have
attended
not
and
Ceremony(CKCC 74-76), Buffamay
1883)
(but
in 1884 as he workedon thecatlo Dance (CKCC 89-90), and otherceremonies
there
with
at
Other
than
interaction
Hopis Keam'sTradingPost,however,
alogue.
is no evidenceto suggestStephenwas morethana casualobserver
of,muchless
a participant
in,Hopi socialand ceremoniallifeas he becamebetween1891and
1894 as a memberoftheSecondHemenwaySouthwestern
ExpeArchaeological
dition (Stephen 1936). More importantly,
Stephendid not have a working
... itmay
knowledgeofHopi untilwellinto1893 (e.g.,"thisI don'tunderstand
be forlackoflanguage,he ofNavajoand I ofHopi" [Stephen1936:202]);Navajo was theprimary
languageoftradeat Keam'sgeneralstoreas wellas muchof
later
fieldwork
underthedirectionof Fewkes.In fact,Stephen'searly
Stephen's
notebooksfrom1882 to 1888 as well as his publicationsfrom1882 to 1893
reflect
his knowledgeof theNavajo,not the Hopi (Hieb in press).This leaves
forexample,in the
unaccountedforthesourceof Hopi knowledgeas reflected,
of
"brief
insightful
synopsis" Hopi religion(CKCC 28-35), the accountof the
Kwa-Kwanty
(CKCC 36ff.),burialpractices(CKCC 54-56), and the narratives
theAloseka(CKCC 122ff.).
regarding

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A QuestionofAuthorship

407

"PECULIARFACILITIES":
STEPHEN'S UNACKNOWLEDGEDSOURCE
diaries,jourreports,
Althoughseldomexamined,thousandsofpagesofletters,
sourcessurvivefromthe Moqui (Hopi) Pueblo Indian
nals,and otherwritten
mission,and fromindividualswho spent briefor
Agency,the Presbyterian
extendedperiodsoftimevisiting
Keam'sTradingPostortheHopi villagesduring
theearly1880s.One ofthemostinteresting
oftheseis an anonymousand untitled manuscriptlocated in the SouthwestMuseum,Los Angeles(MS.5.291;
Stephen1940). As will become apparentbelow,theauthorof thismanuscript
was Jeremiah
led himto live
Sullivan,a youngdoctorwhose "peculiarfacilities"
in theFirstMesavillageofSichomovifrom1881to 1888.The manuscript
is constructed
from"literal"
ofnarratives,
muchofitAntelopeSocietytratranslations
ditions regardingthe Snake-Antelope
ceremony.It is likelythat Sullivan's
was compiledin 1886 fromvarioustextsnow lost.Itwas attributed
manuscript
to Stephenby E W. Hodge who foundit in the G. B. GrinnellPapersat the
Southwest
Museum.In theformwe now haveit (i.e.,Stephen1940), itis a rich
accountoftheSnake-Antelope
ceremonies
based largelyon Sullivan'sconversationswithWiki,thechiefpriestoftheAntelopeSociety,
and narratives
and songs
Sullivanrecordedon FirstMesa.Stephen'srelianceon Sullivan'smaterials
in the
of
the
in
Collection"
is
obvious
the
"brief
Keam'sCafion
"Catalogue
synopsis"of
in
the
Hopi religion
Introductory:
Sullivan(MS.5.291,Southwest
Stephen(CKCC)
Museum,Los Angeles)
theestufas
havelost
[thekibas]havealso lost
theirsacredcharacter
to someextent thissacredcharacter
to greatextent.
Certainreligiousritesarestill
religiousritesarestillobservedin
observedin
them,buttheyarenow also used
them,buttheyarenow also used
as placesfordiscussionofsecular
as placesforthediscussionof
secular
as workshopsforthewinter matters,
as workshopsforthe
affairs,
winter
laborofblanketmaking,and as
laborofblanketweaving,and as
familiar
socialresorts
forthemen. familiar
socialresorts
forthemen.
(MS.5.291,p. 13)
(CKCC 22)
Allceremonialworshipis conducted Asidefromtheseprincipals,
thereis
themediationoftheKatcinas,
a numerousretinueofKatcinas,
through
or Messengers
oftheGods.
orMessengers
oftheGods.
(continues)

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LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

408

Sullivan(MS.5.291,Southwest
Museum,Los Angeles)
The termKatcinais common
throughout
all thepueblosoftheSouthwest
and is similarly
applied.

p.20)
(MS.5.291,

Stephen(CKCC)
The termofKatcinais common
throughout
all thepueblos,
and is similarly
applied.(CKCC 31)

Butall theirsongsand dances,
and prayers,
howevervariedin
expression,
onlyrepeattheirchief
desire,
an abundanceofthenecessaries
ofa presentlife.Evenin burying
thedead,ifa man,theplanting
stickhe used in lifeis placedupon
his grave,to remindhimwhenhe
getsto thepresenceofthegods,to
beseechthemto grantgood harveststo thefriends
he has left
behindhim.
stateof existenceis one of
A future
stateofexistence
is one of A future
butlittle
theirmostassumedbeliefs,butlittle theirmostassumedbeliefs,
itis
or no concernregarding
itis
or no concernregarding
expressed
expressed
in anyoftheirreligiousobservances in anyoftheirreligiousobservances.
(CKCC 33)
(MS.5.291,p.23)
Butall theirsongs,and dances
howevervariedin
and prayers,
expression
onlyrepeattheirchief
desire,
an abundanceofthenecessaries
ofthepresentlife.

useofmateabovebutthedirect
Wehavegivenonlya fewbrief
examples
is
extensive
rialsinSullivan's
manuscript
(CKCCpp.2, 4-5, 19,22-26,31-34;
MS.5.291pp. 11-15,19-20,65).
A carefulexamination
of Stephen'snotebooksrevealsthatParsons
that
assumed-inspiteofbeing"perplexed"
singleauthorship,
bydifferences-a
notebook
entitled
inStephen
ofStephen
Stephen's
1929:2).Inediting
(Parsons
andsheomitted
note"inserted
Parsonsdeleted"Sullivan's
"Tales,"
byStephen
"on
theoccasion
ofan Owakakatsina
account
Pauwatiwa's
performed
ceremony
everhad"
chief
we
have
thefirst
andhighest
ofa whitemanbecoming
ranking
Parsons
No.
Elsie
Clews
Field
Notebook
A.
M.
1,
13,
74;
Papers,
Stephen,
(pp.
who
man"wasJeremiah
Sullivan
. The "white
ColumbiaUniversity
Libraries)
December
chiefoftheMoquiIndians"(Madison
hadbeenmade"third
Courier,
datedfrom
6, 1884in
19,1881).AlloftheHopinarratives
April3, 1883toJune

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A Question of Authorship

409

Stephen's"Hopi Tales,"as editedby Parsons,are in factSullivan's(Stephen
1929:35-72). Stephen'suse ofthesematerialsis also evidentin the "Catalogue
of theKeam'sCanon Collection,"but in a morefragmentary
way.Forexample,
theaccountof Masua (CKCC 30-31) paraphrasesand quotesselectedpassages
fromsixpagesin FieldNotebookNo. 1 (pp. 62-69; A. M. Stephen,FieldNotebook No. 1, ElsieClewsParsonsPapers,ColumbiaUniversity
Libraries).More
ofa songfromBuliniya
tikiobviousis Stephen'suse ofSullivan'sfreetranslation
ki,a girl'sdance,recordedin August1883, a monthwhen Stephenwas away
prospecting
(Stephento Fewkes,September30, 1891,SmithsonianInstitution,
tenKate1885:264):
NationalAnthropological
Archives;
Sullivan(A. M. Stephen
FieldNotebookNo. 1, Elsie
Clews ParsonsPapers,
ColumbiaUniversity
Libraries)
Come herethunderand look,
Come herecold and see itrain,
Thunderstrikes
and makesithot,
Allseedsgrowwhenitis hot.
Cornin blossom
Beansin blossom
Yourfaceon farmslooks,
Watermelonplant,musk-melon
plant
Aha-aha-ehe-ihe
&c &c
No.
1,pp. 56-57)
(Notebook

Stephen(CKCC)

Come hereThunderand look,
Come hereCold and see therain
descend,
Thunderstrikes
and makesheat
come,
Allseedgrowwhenitis hot.
Aha,ehe,ihi,etc.
Cornin blossom,
Beansin blossom,
Lookupon ourgardens;
Watermelonplant,muskmelon
plant;
Aha,ehe,ihi,ihi,etc.
(CKCC 93-94)

of perspectivebetween
Althoughthe textsabove suggesta similarity
The textbookportrayal
of the developStephenand Sullivan,thisis deceptive.
in thisformative
mentofAmericananthropology
decadeis of a singletheoretithesocialevolutionary
framework
ofLewisHenry
cal/methodological
paradigm,
perspectives
Morgan.In fact,thereweremanydifferent
presentamongthefirst
ofethnologists.
Thisis nowheremoreapparentthanin a comparison
generation
ofthenarrative
frameworks
in Stephen'scatalogue(CKCC 37-43) and
presented
Sullivan'scirca1886 manuscript
on theSnake-Antelope
Ceremonies(MS.5.291,
Southwest
"voices"arerecogMuseum,Los Angeles).Indeed,once thedifferent
is
clear
that
a
it
tension
is
in
the
between
thetaxonomic
nized,
present
catalogue
and descriptive
to
and
architecture
as
approach Hopi pottery
givenbyStephen
and the narratives
and empatheticportrayalof Hopi thoughtprovidedby

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410

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

Sullivan.Consequently,
a more detailedportraitof each man will be given
inwhichthecollectionand catalogue
context
beforereconstructing
thehistorical
weredeveloped.
THE AUTHOR: ALEXANDER MIDDLETON STEPHEN
to Keam,A. M. Stephenwas AlexanderMiddletonStephen(Keamto
According
27, 1897, MatthewsPapers,Microfilm
edition,
Matthews,
January
Washington
roll10).
BornnearDundee,Angus,Scotland,on October29, 1846,Stephencame
until1866.
to the UnitedStatesin 1861 and servedin the New YorkInfantry
Afterthe Civil War,Stephenand Thomas McElmellsoughttheirfortunes
and miningin California,Nevada,Arizona,Utah and eventually
prospecting
southwestern
Colorado where theywere associatedwith the explorerand
JohnMoss (Reed 1884:3; Rizer1882:1). McElmoCreek,as a placeprospector
in common use by 1874 (McElmellCanon, CKCC 14; Jackson
was
name,
1875:27; Rio McElmell,Barber1878:531) and StephennotesthatMoss had
givenMontezumaValleyitsname (CKCC 14).
cameto Keam'sCanyoninApril1879 and residedtherefrom
Stephenfirst
1880 untilhisdeathon April18, 1894. Bourke(1884:80) calledhim "a
January
brightScotchman"and GodfreySykes(1944:230), who knewStephenin the
himas a "mostlovablelittleScotchman[sic.]."In the 1880
1890s,remembered
buthe wasthe
census,Stephendescribedhimselfas a "lodger"and an "explorer"
from1883-1888. In
sometimemanagerofKeam'sgeneralstoreand postmaster
takingup residenceat Keam'sCanyon,Stephenjoined ThomasVarkerKeam
withtheNavajopeoyearsexperience
working
(1842-1904), a manwithfifteen
an
excellent
Keam
boasted
and
advocate.
as
an
trader,
knowledge
ple
interpreter,
ofmanyimporand thetrustand confidence
oftheNavajolanguageand culture,
tantNavajoleaders(Graves1998).
not as an ethnologist.
Stephencame to Keam'sCanyonas a prospector,
"I
Yearslaterhe wroteto his benefactor,
MaryHemenway, havenotchosenthis
I sayI did chooseit.Yearsago itcame
can
nor
scarce
pursuitto makemoneyin;
to me almostunawaresand neversincewillitletmebe" (Stephento Hemenway,
September28, 1893. HemenwayExpeditionRecords,PeabodyMuseum,Haran accountof an interview
Betweenhis "IndianTraditions,"
vardUniversity).
withGishibiye,an important
publishedin theEurekaHeraldin
Evilwaysinger,
in 1893,
1883,and hisclassicessay,"TheNavajo,"in theAmerican
Anthropologist
wereon the Navajo
the majorityof Stephen'spublicationsduringhis lifetime
materials
to
significant
(Stephen1883, 1893; Hieb in press).He also contributed
Stevenson
studiesoftheNavajo publishedbyCosmosMindeleff
James
(1898),
Matthews
(1892).
(1891), and Washington

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A Question of Authorship

411

Stephen'sfirstnoteson a Hopi ritualappearin his 1885 notebook,an
in whicha songtextappearsin JeremiaccountoftheSnake-Antelope
ceremony
ah Sullivan'shandwriting
see A. M. Stephen,Hopi Note1936:586;
(Stephen
book No. 2, MS 1563, AmericanPhilosophicalSocietyLibrary).Beginningin
cere1887, Stephenrecordedobservationsnot only of the Snake-Antelope
In
monieson FirstMesa butotherceremoniesas well. thefallof 1887,Stephen
in a sixmonthsurvey
and SullivanjoinedVictorand CosmosMindeleff
ofancestralHopi sitesfromtheJeddito
valleyin theeastto Moencopiin thewest(A. M.
Stephen,Hopi Notebook No. 3, MS 1563, AmericanPhilosophicalSociety
Jeremiah
Sullivan,Notebooks32 and 33, Elsie Clews ParsonsPapers,
Library;
ColumbiaUniversity
cf.VictorMindeleff
Libraries;
1891).
Itwasnotuntil1891,however,
thatStephen's
fieldworkamongthe
legendary
the
fall
of
that
Walter
Fewkes
Jesse
Hopi began.During
year,
(1850-1930),Director
oftheSecondHemenway
himinrecording
to
assist
hired
Expedition, Stephen
Hopi
life.Fewkeswastrained
socialandceremonial
as a natural
scientist
whoseworkwas
taxonomicand descriptive.
As CurtisHinsleypointsout,he was "a good visual
andsketch
observer
whoremained"anoutsider"
atZuni,1889-1890,andat
artist,"
after
death(Hinsley1983:67).
Hopi as well,especially
Stephen's
match.AlthoughStephenchided
Stephenand Fewkeswerea nearperfect
Fewkesforgetting
his namewrongand,occasionally,
forfailingto providepencilsor thescientific
name of a plantor animalused in Hopi ritual(Stephento
Fewkes, 1891-1894, Smithsonian Institution,National Anthropological
Archives),
theyshareda commonnaturalscientific
perspective.
Stephen'snoteas
M.
the
Alexander
books,published
HopiJournal
of
Stephen
(1936), areprecise
in theiraccountsofobservablebehavior-ofwho did whatand when,and exact
in theirdescriptions
of materialculture-ofshape, color,and use. By 1893,
knew
the
Stephen
Hopi languagewellenoughto recorda numberofnarratives
Yellow Bear,attendedto the
(Stephen 1929:3-34). Even as'Sikya-honauwu,
dying ethnologist,Stephen remainedan observer(1894; 1936:857-863).
in "themistyplaces
Althoughin his lastletterto Fewkeshe wroteofhis interest
and theirmeanings,"the mainstaysof Stephen'sapproachwere collecting,
termforfloraand fauna),classifying
and
describing
(oftenseekingthescientific
intodevelopmental
and, as occasiondemanded,social
occasionallyventuring
frameworks
evolutionary
(Stephento Fewkes,March29, 1894, Smithsonian
NationalAnthropological
Institution,
Archives).
The "Catalogueof theKeam'sCafionCollection"is an exceptiononlyin
theemphasisgivento LewisHenryMorgan'ssocial evolutionary
paradigm,the
dominanttheoretical
of
Powell's
Bureau
of Ethnology.
perspective JohnWesley
Becauseof itssuccinctness,
we quote froma letterwritten
byStephento Keam,
March28, 1893,to accompanya collectionof modernpottery
to
beingoffered
thewealthyChicagocollectorEdwardEverett
Ayer:

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412

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle
classification
ofEthic,
orCulture
BarThereis a convenient
periodsintoSavagery,

thelater
ofSavagery
defined
from
the
andCivilization;
barism,
period
being
totheinvention
ofpottery,
andtheolder
invention
ofthebowandarrow
period
tothecultivation
ofmaize
andplants
ofBarbarism,
from
a knowledge
ofpottery
of
Barbarism
also
oflocal
This
older
implies
permanence
period
byirrigation.
in
of
domestic
and
that
archaic
condiand
architecture,
occupancydevelopment
theHopipeoplefrom
whom
older
thantheEgyptian
era,exist
tion,
you
pyramid
MS
obtained
thiscollection.
829,
Newberry
Library)
(Ayer

theHopiwithin
neverstated
thisposition
andlocating
it,Stephen
Having
ofcultural
andbiological
theHopias an instance
theless
degeneration
regarded
in
as evidenced
"decadence
andretrogression")
particularly
("deteriorization,"
ina former
"Theraceblossomed
thedeclineoftheir
age,itisnowwithpottery.
ered,itssaphaslostitsvitality"
(CKCC11;cf.43,46,50,174).
THE ETHNOLOGIST:JEREMIAHSULLIVAN
wasbornnearMadison,Indiana,November
Sullivan
29, 1850.His
Jeremiah
for
the
H.
was
father,
John Sullivan, appointed
Moqui[Hopi]PuebloIndiAgent
as Agency
in
Sullivan
the
fall
of
1880
and
anAgency
Jeremiah
joinedhisfather
on December25, 1880. FewkesnevermetSullivanbut he later
Physician
recalled:
wasDr.
ofstudy
Americans
tolivewith
theHopiforpurposes
Oneofthefirst

Urwica
HeWho
or,as hewascalledbythem,
Sullivan,
Jeremiah
[orOyiwisha,
at
Whenthewriter
author's
Plants
Corn;tenKate1885:261;
beganwork
note].
thearmofthe
as theAmerican
whoamputated
Urwica
wasremember
Walpi,
ate
Hesleptinthepueblo,
oftheBowpriesthood.
thechief
mother
ofPautiwa,
theHopi,butheleft
onthefarms
with
andworked
Walpia fewyears
Hopifood,

notes
onthe
Hepublished
a few
short
hisHopistudies.
thewriter
before
began
work
... (Fewkes
1922:269)
Hopibutnoelaborate

Mesafrom
livedinSichomovi
Sullivan
Jeremiah
February
villageon First
wellenoughto
the
he
knew
1881
until
1888.
1881
June
Hopilanguage
ByMay
tohishomeofSityaki
ofthedestruction
oftheHopinarrative
senda translation
had
Star(Sullivan1881).Sullivan
theMadison
townnewspaper,
DailyEvening
soon
in Madisonandhishousein Sichomovi
and musicals
sungin churches
The Mormonmissionary,
becamea placewhereHopi songswerepracticed.
danceinWalpiinwhich"a
witnessed
a Buffalo
Christian
Christiansen,
Lyngaa
OctoGentilenamedJeremiah
Sullivan,a doctor,tookan activepart"(Journal,
ber17, 1884,Archives,
HistoricalDepartment,
TheChurchofJesusChristofLatin February
1882 for
ter-DaySaints).After
beingdismissedas AgencyPhysician

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A Question of Authorship

413

"profanity,
incitingquarrels,adoptingMoqui habits& joiningin theirdances"
H.
of IndianAffairs,
March3, 1882, MS 1145,
(Jesse Flemingto Commissioner
PacificRegion),he senta numberofaccountsoftheHopi to
NationalArchives,
withtheBureauof Ethto gainemployment
Powellin an unsuccessful
attempt
Sullivan
Instito
Powell,September13, 1882,Smithsonian
nology(forexample,
the
National
Near
time
Sullivan
left
First
tution,
Anthropological
Archives).
Mesa in 1888,he toldFrankHamiltonCushinghe had a "vastamount"ofmatein the "innerIndian"
rial and remindedCushingthathe, too, was interested
20, 1888,MS.6.HAE.1.12,Southwest
(Sullivanto Cushing,July
Museum).While
Stephendescribedthe observablebehaviorand materialsaspectsof Hopi culture,Sullivanrecordedtheconceptualand moral,locatingpracticesin thecontextofHopi thought.
Andin contrast
to Stephenwho sawtheHopi as "a waning
Sullivansharedhis father's
view:"Theyhavea civilization
race,"Jeremiah
pecuwhich
we
denominate
half-civilized"
liarlyMoqui
magnanimously
(Sullivan
narratives
and recordedthewordsto songshe
1882:102).The doctortranslated
Itwas Sullivan,notStephen,who facilitated
sangin rehearsaland in ceremony.
theobservations
ofBourkein 1881 (1884:102-132) and HermanE C. tenKate
in 1883 (1885:247-262). Sullivanmovedhismedicalpracticeto Holbrook,Ariwherehe operateda drugstoreuntil1891.After
zona, in 1888,thento Winslow,
a
at
of LouisvilleMedicalSchool in 1894,he
completing degree theUniversity
movedto southernIdaho wherehe died in povertyand obscurity
on April4,
1916.
Justfouryearslater(1920), whiledoingfieldworkon FirstMesa,Parsons
was told"thedoctordancedwithus" (Stephen1936:1117).After
herpublication
of Crow-Wing's
A PuebloIndianJournal,
1921-1922in 1925, Frederick
DellenParsons
residence
the
baughquestioned
Stephen's
regarding
among Hopi: "Poswere
of
Dr.
Sullivan
who
was livingwith the
Jeremiah
siblyyou
thinking
Cichumovipeople ... whenI was there?"in thefallof 1884. Parsonsreplied,"I
did notconfusehimwithSullivan"(Dellenbaughto Parsons,July31, 1926; Parsonsto Dellenbaugh,August18, 1926,DellenbaughPapers,AZ 407, University
ofArizonaLibrary)
butclearlyshe did and,as a consequence,further
silenceda
in
voice
southwestern
significant
anthropology.

THE HISTORICALCONTEXT
ofa periodinwhichdramatic
occurred
Stephen's
catalogistheproduct
changes
in thecreation
andmarketing
ofPueblopottery.
Batkin
notedthata
Jonathan
causalrelationship
is oftenpositedbetween
thearrival
oftherailroad
in New
Mexicoin 1880,thebeginnings
oftourism
andthedevelopment
ofvarious
nontraditional
vesselsandfigurines.
Batkin
Santa
Fe's
"curio"
dealers,
argues
early
mostnotablyAaronand JakeGold,were"instrumental
in developingan enormous marketthatdid not relyon tourism."Theydid thisthroughwholesale

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414

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

distribution
and mail-order
by meansof illustrated
marketing
catalogs(Batkin
1999:282).
Stephenhad becomethemanagerofKeam'sTradingPost,tenmileseastof
the Hopi villagesin northeastern
1880. By 1881 Keamhad
Arizona,in January
in
another
non-traditional
form-tiles,
encouragedHopi potters developing
and
often
decorated
with
katcina
rectangular
triangular,
figures(J. Stanley
NationalAnthropological
Brown,MS 1141,SmithsonianInstitution,
Archives).
More importantly,
Keambeganexploringanothermarket:
Americanand Euro"relics,"especially
pean museumsand theirneed forcollectionsof prehistoric
prehistoric
pottery.
In January
1876,JohnWesleyPowellhad sentJohnK. ("Jack")Hillers,the
a topographer
also withPowell'ssurveys,
to
and Olin D. Wheeler,
photographer,
theHopi villagesto makeglassplatephotographic
imagesand to collectpottery
and othermaterialsforuse in the 1876 PhiladelphiaCentennialExhibition.
Withthe aid of WilliamKeam,ThomasKeam'syoungerbrother,
Wheelercollected3,500 poundsof materialsfromtheFirstand SecondMesa Hopi villages
(Wheeler1906).
In 1879, the firstexploringexpeditionof the SmithsonianInstitution's
was sentto theSouthwest
to collect"potnewlyestablishedBureauofEthnology
in
D.C.
etc." forthe NationalMuseum Washington,
tery,some implements,
Theexpedition's
metThomasKeam
leader,JamesStevenson,
(Powell1881:xxxi).
at FortWingate,New Mexico,thatautumnand overthenextsixyearshe was a
frequent
guestat Keam'sTradingPost.Jamesand MatildaCoxe Stevensoncoland othermaterialsacquiredin SantaFe,amongtheRio Grande
lectedpottery
Pueblos,and at Keam'sCanyon.Illustrated
cataloguesofthecollectionsmadein
the1879and 1881 fieldseasonsbyJames[and Matilda]Stevensonappearedin
theAnnualReport(s)
oftheBureauofEthnology
(1883, 1884). Itwas throughthe
theeconomthatKeamlearnedoftheintellectual
Stevensons
and,consequently,
nearthe
ic value ofpottery
he had begunto gatherat ruinsneartheat Awatovi,
in
elsewhere.
de
and
Hopi villages, Canyon Chelly,
ofpottery
to
By 1881,Keamsenta collection,perhapsseveralcollections,
of
In thefallof 1882,a notebookwithillustrations
theSmithsonian
Institution.
was acquiredfromStephenby
different
formsand decorationsof Hopi pottery
the Powell'ssecretary,
J. StanleyBrown(MS 1141,SmithsonianInstitution,
AnnualReport
and in theFourth
NationalAnthropological
oftheBureau
Archives),
"theveryextensive
collection
WilliamHenryHolmesacknowledged
ofEthnology
ofMr.T.V.Keamand hisassociate,Mr.John[sic.]Stephen,examplesfromwhich
in [his 'Pottery
I am permitted
of theAncientPueblos']"(Holmes
to illustrate
1886:293).
The expeditionthat broughtBrownto Keam's Canyon in 1882 also
to theHopi villages.In lessthana month,
broughtCosmosandVictorMindeleff
six
theMindeleffs
the
Hopi villages,theTewa-speaking
surveyed
villageofHano,

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A Question of Authorship

415

andtheruinsofAwotovi.
Theobjectoftheirworkwasthecreation
ofpapierinLouisville
in 1883andNewOrleansin
machemodelsforuseatexpositions
1884(Anon.1884;Ingersoll
Industrial
andCottonCenten1885).TheWorld's
nialExposition
thatopenedinNewOrleanson December
16,1884,wastoprovidea majorshowcaseforthescientific
workoftheSmithsonian
Institution
Case
Keam
saw
the
New
Orleans
exhibition
as
(Anon1885;
1885).
apparently
an opportunity
tosella majorcollection
ofprehistoric
andother"relics"
pottery
hehadassembled.
in Keam'spottery
involvement
businessclearly
the
Stephen's
predates
notebookacquiredby Brownin November1882. In it,Stephenhad made pen
and inksketchesof pottery
formsand decorative
elements,and recordedsome
thesewerenot includedin
Hopi termsfordifferent
typesof pottery
(curiously,
the1884 manuscript).
Fromthisinitialdescriptive
effort,
Stephenthenclassified
thepottery
intoa developmental
of
with"Primitive
"wares,"
sequence
beginning
Ware" and "DecoratedWares"and concludingwith "Transition
Ware" and
In a letter
"ModemProductions."
to FrankHamiltonCushing,February
2, 1883,
we talkedof such a class [Transition]
between
Stephenwrote,"youremember
Ancient& Modem"and theninquiresaboutthe"symbolic
orothersignificance"
of the ornamentation
on a bowl he thinksis Zuni in origin(MS6 Zuni 1.53,
Southwest
Museum).
It appears that about the time of this letterto Cushing,Stephen
Sullivanforinformation
the "symbolic
or other
approachedJeremiah
regarding
of
and
It
is
ancestral
significance" Hopi
Hopi pottery. likelyStephenpaid Sullivanin scripwhichthedoctorwouldtradeformedicineand foodat Keam'sTrading Post. Sullivan'srecordingof narratives
beginson April3, 1883. Stephen
the
into
"tales"
his
"Field
Notebook
No.
1" and latermadevarioustextucopied
al revisions.In additionto the narratives
recordedin the notebooks,Sullivan
he was preparing.
ForexamprovidedStephenwithcopiesofothermanuscripts
on
December
15, 1883,Stephenagainwroteto Cushing,"I havebeentrying
ple,
to getsome information
fromour friend'Jere';he sentme yesterday
his ...
whichincludedan "essayon 'pottery'"
manuscript,"
(MS6 Zuni 1.53,Southwest
Museum;Green 1990:312). StephenregardedSullivan'smanuscriptas "ruband frequently
dismissedSullivan'swork,
bish,"an exampleof "hisbuffoonery,"
worthless
as [an] authority"
tellingFewkesforexample,thatSullivanwas "utterly
National
(Stephen to Fewkes,January21, 1892, SmithsonianInstitution,
Anthropological
Archives).Nonetheless,he made directand unacknowledged
use of narratives
translated
understandbySullivanas well as Sullivan'swritten
of
the
"brief
CKCC
ing Hopi knowledge(e.g.,
synopsis,"
28-35).
Aswithall plagiarism,
thecrime,thewordsremain"(Foster2000:4).
"after
SullivanmaynothaveknownofStephen'sfailureto givehimcredit.Theywent
to Canyonde Chellyin September1885,and oftentraveled
to
together
together
Holbrook. Stephen made the narrativesrecordedby Sullivan available to

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416

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

who used themin the "Traditionary
CosmosMindeleff
HistoryofTusayan"(in
VictorMindeleff1891; cf.Hieb 2002) and to Washington
Matthews(Stephen
and
still
other
attributed
to "an Ethnologist
materials,
published
loosely
1888)
thesepeople forthepasttenyears"(Stephenand Meswho has been studying
senger1889:9).
of the "Catalogueof the Keam'sCafionCollection"was
The manuscript
in
is madeto Keam'sremovalofsacredAloseka
written 1884. Internalreference
images"abouta yearago," i.e.,earlyOctober1883 (Keam 1883). The lengthy
socialevolutionary,
and culturalconprovidesthegeographical,
"Introductory"
framework
textsof the collectionwhilethe "Catalogue"developsa descriptive
for a seriesof potterytypesand explicatesthe "emblems"on the pottery.
in his
detailedand systematic
Stephen,and it is Stephen,is painstakingly
and
decoration.
of
material,
color,
form,
size,
description
coincident
withStephen'sarrivalat Keam'sCanyon,Cushinghad
Virtually
establishedresidencein Zuni Pueblo wherehe was to spendnearlyfouryears
Zuni materialcultureand recording
collectingancestraland contemporary
Smithsonian
aspectsofZuni dailylife.Cushinghad been a memberofthefirst
withitspurpose,he collectedand evenand consistent
Southwestern
Expedition
(Cushing1886). Cushing'sfield
tuallypublished"A Studyof Pueblo Pottery"
and he oftensoughtother
workwas plaguedbyillnessand financialdifficulties
sourcesofeconomicsupport(Fowler2000:123).
Duringa visitto Keam'sCanyonin December1882,Cushing,Keam,and
and otherobjectsCushinghad located(or
Stephendiscussed"caches"ofpottery
in
caves.
Followingnewspaperreportsof thetheftof materialsfrom
secreted?)
one cave,StephenwroteCushingon December15, 1883, "Mr.Keamwritesyou
businessproposition... fromno othersourcecan you
a plain (confidential)
thatyou
and financially)
not
a
tithe-of
thebenefit(substantially
half-no,
reap
withus stoutly
on thismattalkand working
can in clingingfastto lastwinter's
ter"(Green1990:313).The "strictly
private"businesspropositionwas statedin
infor"that
letter
the
Keam's
following
day:
you [Cushing]giveme thefollowing
I
can
there
with
a
other
caches
whether
the
exact
where
the
are,
mation,
get
spots
in
will
value
reasonable
their
figgiveyou
wagon,and whattheyconsistof... [I]
ures. . . " Keam noteshe has made "valuableadditionsto mycollection,for
he
acrossthewater[Europe?]."
whichI am nownegotiating
Then,in a postscript,
over,
adds,"Sincewriting
youtheaboveStephencamein & we talkedthematter
as our collectionis catalogued&c, and consistsof 500 pieces;we willkeepours
separateas an additionand payyou in ratioforsumreceivedforthewhole.We
withyou" (Green1990:313-314).CushingleftZuni
leavethishoweverentirely
to market
hisowncolattheend ofApril1884,and Keamproceededwithefforts
Institution.
to
the
Smithsonian
lection,turning
again
The collectionofmorethan600 piecesofpottery
assembledforshipment
east in 1884 was intendedforpurchaseand use at theWorld'sIndustrialand

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A QuestionofAuthorship

417

CottonCentennialExposition.In a letterto SpencerBairdon September13,
1884,Keamwrote:
I haveamongotherarticles
ofinterest,
suitsofthebestmaterial
recentcomplete
made
of
and
male
and
will
each
be
costumes,
female,
Navajo Moqui
represently
ed attheirceremonial
danceatthisseasonoftheyear.
Woulditbe convenient
for
to
have
four
two
females
males
and
made,representing couples,
you
layfigures
on whichto placethem,tobe shownwitha portion
ofmycollection
whichyou
Ifso I willaskMr.Mindeleff
tomakethe
mayselectfortheNewOrleansexhibit?
sketches
thefigures
them,so thattheparty
representing
making
mayunderstand
thehair&c. Ifitis possibletogettheexpenses
themodesofdressing
paidofthe
makerfromeachofthesetribes,
bestblanket
me,
theyhaveagreedto accompany
takewiththemtheirloomsandshowtheirmethods
ofweaving.
and
(Manuscript
File833,Smithsonian
NationalAnthropological
Institution,
Pamphlet
Archives)

Threewagon loads of pottery
wereshippedto the NationalMuseumin
in
late
1884
and Stephenlefton November24, 1884.
D.C.,
Washington,
August
from
transportation KeamsCanyonto Holbrookwas providedby
(Fortuitously,
H. P. Kingsbury
Lieutenant
who was returning
to FortDefianceafterleadingan
unsuccessful
nearNavajo
expeditionin searchofthe killersoftwo prospectors
Mountain(Kingsbury
to PostAdjutant,FortWingate,New Mexico,September
19, 1884, NationalArchives).)On November17, Keam indicatedto Holmes
that"myfriendMr.Stephenwillbringwithhimthecatalogueofthecollection"
and in an added note,"Mr.S. willbringthemummy"[ofa youngmanremoved
froma burialin Canyonde Chelly].The finalpage,theonlysurviving
page,of
the"listofcontents"
oftheboxesindicatesa totalof61 boxesweresentinitially.
To thesewereadded "a largebox containingpottery
and sacredMoqui masks,
thelatteronlyobtainedsecretly,"
and Stephenbroughttheothermaterialson
thetrain(Manuscript
and PamphletFile833, Smithsonian
National
Institution,
left
for
the
week
and
Anthropological
Stephen
Archives).
Washington following
to Keam'sCanyonat theend ofFebruary
returned
1885.
Onlya smallpartofthecollectionwasused in theNewOrleansexhibition
and afterwards
theentirecollectionwas placedin storage.SpencerBaird,Secrein 1885:
Institution,
taryoftheSmithsonian
reported
Theveryextensive
collection
ofPueblomaterials
madefortheWorld's
Industrial
and CottonCentennial
in NewOrleans,arrived
too lateto be made
Exposition
buta smallrepresentative
serieswasforwarded
to
fullyavailableforexhibition,
NewOrleans.(Baird1886:32)

In the fallof 1886 lames Stevensonmade arrangements
fora teamand

wagon from Fort Defiance to transport another collection to the railroad

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418

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

Institu(Stevensonto Baird,November24, 1886,RecordUnit189,Smithsonian
In hisreportfortheyear1886,Bairdreported:
tionArchives).
a very
co-worker
oftheEthnoofKeam's
From
Keam,
Mr.Thomas
Cafion,
hearty
collections
havebeen
Bureau
and
of
the
U.
S.
Survey,
large
Geological
logical

on deposit,
whichaddmaterially
tothevalueofthepresent
received
ethnological
display.
(Baird1887:9)

KeampressedforthepurchaseofthecollectionbytheNationalMuseum
butwas told in 1886 of "thefailureof Congressto includean itemforthepurchaseofthiscollectionin theSundryCivilBillthisyear"(SpencerBairdto Keam,
Archives).KeamborJuly16, 1886, RecordUnit 189, SmithsonianInstitution
rowedmoneyagainstthesale of thecollectionand theholderof the "chattell
A. Grundfeld
ofAlbuquerque,wrotetheNationalMuseum,"Ifit is
mortgage,"
to purchase,I shallremovethecollection
nottheintentionoftheGovernment
and shipit,so thatI can realizethemoneyI haveadvancedon it"(A. Grundfeld
Institution
to S. P. Langley,
September12, 1888,RecordUnit 189, Smithsonian
died
friend
and
advocate,JamesStevenson,
duringthesumArchives).Keam's
Keambegan searchingforother
merof 1888. Givendemandsfromcreditors,
21, 1889,Huntington
Library).
buyers(e.g.,Keamto HoratioN. Rush,February
in December1886 as Director
ofthe
to theSouthwest
Cushinghad returned
with
Southwestern
$100,000
Expedition
provided
by
Archaeological
Hemenway
theBostonphilanthropist
Cushingmovedhisresearch
MaryTilestonHemenway.
of Hohokamsites
fromZuni to theSaltRiverValleywherehe beganexcavation
of theZunis.In thefallof 1887,
of theancestors
seekingcluesto themigration
MaryHemenwaypurchasedland fora PuebloMuseumin Salem,Massachusetts.
theexpedition
health,
collapsedbecauseofCushing's
Bythethirdseason,however,
Wilcox
overruns
and
of
his
and
and
ideas,
budget
(Hinsley
integrity
questions
to lobbyfor
to Washington
earlyin 1889 Cushingreturned
2002). Nevertheless,
in Marchand
of Casa Granderuin.Keamwas in Washington
the preservation
to contactCushingwho was ill,thenwroteto him.The lettermakes
attempted
in storageattheNationalMusethecollection
clearthatKeamhad alreadyoffered
forthePuebloMuseum.KeamtoldCushingthatStephenhad
um to Hemenway
as wellas thecatareturned
the"Introductory,"
apparently
byCosmosMindeleff,
continues:
logueand Keamwouldhavehimsenditto Cushing.Theletter
tohavebeenwell
andfindeverything
several
theMuseum
Havevisited
times,
AlltheEthnological
wellpreserved.
caredfor,eventhemummy
specimens,

arrowheads,and
domestic
utensils,
objectsusedingames,basketry,
implements,
here
will
be
The
of
all
of
these
otherarticles
fact
quitea savingin
complete.
being
to retainevery
wrote
I
and
transportation...telegraphed subsequently Stephen

there
willbea large
ofpieces
nowonhandintheCation,
so thenumber
article

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A QuestionofAuthorship

419

and valuableaddition.Mr.Stephenwillpreparea catalogueofthemsubjectto
Miscellaneous,
ModemProductions,
yourdecision[theaddedchapters,
Tiles].I
willprobably
leavehereMondayorTuesdaynext,andwouldbe pleasedto hear

fromyou here should yourhealth have permittedyou to lay the matterbefore
Mrs. Hemenway(Keam to Cushing,March21, 1889, MS6 BOE 1.21,Southwest

Museum)

Threemonthslater,on June15, 1889,Cushingwas dismissedas Director
oftheHemenwayExpedition(HinsleyandWilcox2002:xxvii).OncemoreKeam
was withouta buyer.
Keamwroteagainto theNationalMuseumon July16, 1889 and after
various bureaucratic
delayshe was informedof thedecisionto declinepurchase.
Keam indicatedthe priceof $10,000 includedtwo hundredadditionalspecimensofprehistoric
Holmeswrote,however,"Itis myopinionthatthe
pottery.
purchaseof thiscollectionas a whole is out of the question.The questionof
dividingthe collectionforthepurposeof makingseparatesales restswiththe
owner.We could makehim an offerforthevesselsmostvaluableto us to the
limitofouravailablefunds.I understand
howeverthathe is notwillingto considersucha proposition"(Keamto Powell,July16, 1889,witha covernoteby
NationalAnthropological
Institution,
Holmes,Smithsonian
Archives).
fortunes
turned
forthebetterin thesummerof 1890 with
Keam's
finally
thearrivalofFewkesat theHopi villages.Fewkeshad replacedCushingin 1889
as Directorof theSecond HemenwaySouthwestern
Expedition.
Archaeological
He shifted
his research
fromZuni to Hopi in May 1891and,at end ofthesumTo betterpromotethesale of his collection,
mer,hiredStephenas ethnologist.
The firstmay
Keam had the two typescripts
prepared,perhapsprofessionally.
havebeen sentto MaryHemenwayfor,as heragent,FewkespurchasedKeam's
collectionin theearlymonthsof 1892 for$10,000(S. P. Langleyto Powpottery
ell,May 12, 1892,RecordUnit112;Langleyto MaryHemenway,
May18, 1892,
RecordUnit 109, SmithsonianInstitution
Archives).The second copy of the
typedcataloguewas sentto EdwardE. Ayer,
justtwomonthsbeforetheopening
ofthe 1893 World'sColumbianExposition,
to promotethesale ofanothercollectionofpottery,
now at theFieldMuseum,Chicago,and was accompaniedby
an essay,in letterform,regarding
the modem potterybeing offeredto Ayer
to
March
Accession
28,
Keam,
1893,
(Stephen
AyerMS 829, Newberry
Library;
156,September18, 1894; FieldMuseum;Lockwood1929:191).
THE COLLECTION
The collectionand thecatalogue(s)werelargelyforgotten
fornearlya century.
An exhibitofpottery
drawnfromtheKeam'sCanyoncollectionin thePeabody
was mountedin 1980.America's
GreatLostExpediMuseum,HarvardUniversity,

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420

LouisA. Hieb withSusan E. Diggle

tion:TheThomas
KeamCollection
fromtheSecondHemenway
ExpediofHopiPottery
tion,1890-1894,by EdwinL. Wade and Lea S. McChesney(1980), was developed as the cataloguefortheexhibit.Wade and McChesneywronglyassumed
thecollectionand cataloguewerea product-whenitwas onlya purchase-of
theSecondHemenwayArchaeological
Expedition.
Theydrewon the1892 typein
Museum
and
located
the
Library reproducemuchofthetext
Peabody
script
fromthecatalogueproper(CKCC 53-172) and selectedand editedportionsof
theIntroductory.
"basedon workbyAlexanIn 1994,HopiPottery
byAlexPatterson,
Symbols,
thecirca1886 typescript
derM. Stephen,"was published.Patterson
reproduced
in the SmithsonianInstitution's
National Anthropological
and illustrations
and thefinalchapdid notincludetheIntroductory
Archives
and,consequently,
He
whichhe had seenat thePeabodyMuseumLibrary.
ter,Modern-Continued,
choseinsteadto quoteselectedpassagesin hisdictionary
approachto Hopi potterysymbolism(Patterson1994:121-253).

CONCLUSION
thetextof
evidencein examining
We haveconsideredbothinternaland external
In
it
is
final
analysis primarily
"CatalogueoftheKeam'sCafionCollection." the
theworkofAlexander
M. Stephen.Itsuniquenessofcontentas wellas itsform
debtto Jeremiah
an unacknowledged
reflects
of expression,
Sullivan,
however,
who visitedHopi from
the workof manyof the ethnologists
who facilitated
1881 to 1888, includingStephen.Stephen'sname does not appearon thetitle
ofthe"CatalogueoftheKeam'sCafionCollection,"
page ofthe 1892 typescript
natureofitsauthorship.
oftheproblematic
perhapsin recognition
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

at theAmericanPhilosophiand archivists
Thanksis expressedto thelibrarians
DeborahNewman;Braun
ArizonaHistoricalSocietyLibrary,
cal SocietyLibrary;
ResearchLibrary,SouthwestMuseum, Kim Walters;Columbia University
Sarah
HarvardUniversity,
BernardCrystal;PeabodyMuseumLibrary,
Libraries,
B.
Lonna
Smithsonian
R. Demb; NationalAnthropological
Institution,
Archives,
L.
Laura
Carroll;
Seibert;NationalArchives,
Library,
LagunaNaguel;Newberry
Institution
Smithsonian
Archives,
TracyElizabethRobinson;SpecialCollections,
and PeterSteere.WithofArizonaLibrary,
TheUniversity
JanDavis,RogerMyers,
outtheirgenerousassistancethisessaycouldnothavebeenwritten.
Forinspiration
and support,thanksis also expressedto Don D. Fowler,
E. Nash,and RobertR.White.
Parezo,
Stephen
Nancy

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A Question of Authorship

421

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Louis A. Hieb
of
University WashingtonLibraries
Seattle, Washington98195-2900
withresearchassistance by
Susan E. Diggle
ComparativeLiteratureand CulturalStudies
ofNew Mexico
University
Albuquerque,New Mexico87131

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